Medicine
Angiology/Vascular Medicine.
Cardiology.
Critical care medicine.
Endocrinology.
Gastroenterology.
Geriatrics.
Hematology.
Hepatology.
This article is about the science and art of healing. For
medicaments, see Pharmaceutical drug. For other uses, see Medicine
(disambiguation).
"Academic medicine" redirects here. For the
journal, see Academic Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of health
care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and
treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences,
biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and
prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but
also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and
traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.
Medicine has existed for thousands of years, during most of
which it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge) frequently having
connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For
example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an
ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the
theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science,
most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and
applied, under the umbrella of medical science). While stitching technique for
sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at
the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through
science.
Prescientific forms of medicine are now known as traditional
medicine and folk medicine. They remain commonly used with or instead of
scientific medicine and are thus called alternative medicine. For example,
evidence on the effectiveness of acupuncture is "variable and
inconsistent" for any condition, but is generally safe when done by an
appropriately trained practitioner. In contrast, treatments outside the bounds
of safety and efficacy are termed quackery.
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