Surveying
Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures
certain dimensions that occur on or near the surface of the Earth. Surveying
equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurement of
angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With
computerisation, electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GPS
surveying and laser scanning have to a large extent supplanted traditional
instruments. Data collected by survey measurement is converted into a graphical
representation of the Earth's surface in the form of a map. This information is
then used by civil engineers, contractors and realtors to design from, build
on, and trade, respectively. Elements of a structure must be sized and
positioned in relation to each other and to site boundaries and adjacent
structures. Although surveying is a distinct profession with separate
qualifications and licensing arrangements, civil engineers are trained in the
basics of surveying and mapping, as well as geographic information systems.
Surveyors also lay out the routes of railways, tramway tracks, highways, roads,
pipelines and streets as well as position other infrastructure, such as
harbors, before construction.
Land
surveying
In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and most
Commonwealth countries land surveying is considered to be a separate and
distinct profession. Land surveyors are not considered to be engineers, and
have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. The services
of a licensed land surveyor are generally required for boundary surveys (to
establish the boundaries of a parcel using its legal description) and
subdivision plans (a plot or map based on a survey of a parcel of land, with
boundary lines drawn inside the larger parcel to indicate the creation of new
boundary lines and roads), both of which are generally referred to as Cadastral
surveying.
Construction
surveying
Construction surveying is generally performed by specialised
technicians. Unlike land surveyors, the resulting plan does not have legal
status. Construction surveyors perform the following tasks:
Surveying existing conditions of the future work site,
including topography, existing buildings and infrastructure, and underground
infrastructure when possible;
"lay-out" or "setting-out": placing
reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures
such as roads or buildings;
Verifying the location of structures during construction;
As-Built surveying: a survey conducted at the end of the
construction project to verify that the work authorized was completed to the
specifications set on plans.
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